Society for Historical Archaeology (SHA) Conference
2005
The
New Year began for Project Conservator, Sarah Watkins-Kenney in York
England where she attended the SHA 2005 Conference from January 5-9.
On January 5, she gave a paper entitled, `The Queen Anne's Revenge
Shipwreck Project: Recovery, Examination and Treatment of Wood' (co-authors
Eric Nordgren and Wendy Welsh), as part of the conference session Conservation
of Archaeological Materials - Current Challenges and Opportunities.
The annual SHA conference is a large, international conference and
this year there were approximately 1,000 delegates. Many were from the
USA, including several of our colleagues from ECU, as well as, QAR
Project Director Mark Wilde-Ramsing and NCMM archaeologist David Moore,
who also presented papers on the project. During the conference there
were some 77 different sessions, as well as the conservation workshop
on January 5th. Sarah attended sessions, which were conservation, artifact,
or underwater archaeology oriented. She also visited, with other conservation
colleagues, the Archaeological Conservation Laboratory for York Archaeological
Trust, on January 5th after the workshop. The Director, Jim Spriggs,
showed the visitors around and talked about some of the artifacts and
projects that the Labs are involved with. Initially established in the
1970s, to treat artifacts recovered during excavations of Yorvik - the
Viking town of York - the lab now also undertakes contract work from
excavations all over the UK particularly of waterlogged archaeological
materials as they have the largest capacity (including two large freeze-driers)
in the UK for treating such artifacts.
Artifact Analysis and Study for Interim Report
Throughout January and February the QAR team has been
entrenched in writing up the analyses of the artifacts and wreck assemblage
for the Interim Report, due out this year, and for the Symposium in
April . Scientists and archaeologists have visited the lab gathering
information about the artifacts and some objects have traveled to researchers
for further analysis. Graduate students have been working tenaciously
to complete the recording of all the measurements and weights as well
as assisting in sorting objects into various categories.
Dr. Runying Chen, Textile Specialist at East Carolina
University (ECU), has already published some of her early findings about
the cordage used as wads, which were removed from the cannon (Chen &
Lusardi 2001). In early January Dr. Chen came by the Lab to complete
her examination of other organic fibrous materials, the rope, fabric
and hair. Her analysis of the rope and fibers will be presented at the
Symposium and detailed in the Interim Report. We truly thank Dr. Chen
for her research especially during her pregnancy and congratulate her
on the arrival of her new son.
QAR
Geologist, Dr. James Craig and colleagues previously analyzed gold,
copper alloy, lead, pewter and iron artifacts (Craig et al 2001, Dunkle
et al 2004). In early February Dr. Craig came by the lab to pick up
some more lead, pewter and copper alloy samples to be sent off for further
analysis at the University of North Carolina at Asheville by Dr. Bill
Miller. The two scientists will combine their efforts to produce a section
in the report on analysis of metals recovered from the site.
Archaeologist and Curator, Dr. Linda Carnes-McNaughton, of the Fort
Bragg Cultural Resources Program, also visited in February to examine
the ceramics, pipe stems, and glass once again. Dr. Carnes-McNaughton
has divided the ceramics into different fabric and glaze types and identified
particular vessel types. Project Director, Mark Wilde-Ramsing has been
working with graduate assistant Kristin Koshgarian who sorted, measured
and assigned Munsel chart colors to hundreds of glass shards, which
aided in deducing the different types and sizes. Wilde-Ramsing has also
been working with Dr. Carnes-McNaughton, and NC OSA Archaeological Technician,
Susan Myers to determine the identification of the glass beads found
on site.
Conservators are preparing a conservation section about what has taken
place with the facilities and artifacts thus far. This section will
also describe the procedures that have been set up to deal with the
artifacts from recovery to display. Along with the conservation section,
Sarah has been working closely with graduate assistant Kim Smith in
the analysis of the casks hoops. Many iron cask hoops are amongst the
wreckage. Kim tackled the task of obtaining the different diameters
of the fragments recovered. All the data generated has produced a range
of possible cask sizes that were aboard the ship and will be fully detailed
in the report.
Scientists, archaeologists, conservators and everyone involved have
been hard at work writing about of the artifacts and assemblage. Many
thanks to everyone for the hard work and rest assured the fruits of
our labor will soon be available for everyone to evaluate!
References:
Chen, R., & Lusardi, L. 2001. Identification and Degradation
Analysis of textiles recovered from the Queen Anne's Revenge Shipwreck.
In Merritt, J.L. & Whelan, V.J. (eds). Postprints of the Textile
Speciality Group, American Institute for Conservation, meeting in Dallas
Texas 2001, Vol. 11:27-46. AIC
Craig, J.R., Callahan,J., Miller,W.,& Lusardi,W.,2001.
Preliminary studies of some base and precious metals from the Queen
Anne's Revenge. Southeastern Geology Vol 40. no.1:41-48.
Dunkle, S.E., Craig, J.R., Lusardi, W. 2004. Romarchite
and Associated Phases as Common Corrosion Products on Pewter Artifacts
from Marine Archaeological Sites. Geoarchaeology Vol.19, no. 6:531-552.
Cast Iron Conservation Continues
Thirty-eight cast iron cannon shot, ranging in size from
six-pounders to half-pounders, have been recovered from the site, some
from the bores of cannon and others from concretion. A few are on display
at the North Carolina Maritime Museum and some are still under observation
at the lab before being transferred for display. Cast iron shot undergo
the same conservation treatment as cannon and other iron artifacts,
desalinization by electrolysis.
In February, twenty-one shot began electrolysis. Digital photographs
were taken to record the objects' state prior to treatment. The cannon
shot were then divided between two tanks with mild steel anodes, put
into a 2.5% sodium carbonate electrolyte and hooked up to a current
of 0.5 amps. The process of electrolysis will take some time to desalinate
the cast iron but the progress will be monitored through the presence
of chlorides
in the treatment solutions.
Cannon C4 (QAR366.001) has reached the end of the desalination/electrolytic
process after almost four years and has been immersed into purified
(by Reverse Osmosis (RO)) water to begin rinsing out the alkaline sodium
carbonate. The process described with C19 and C21 in October
is the same process C4 will undergo, though as it is a much larger cannon
it will take a little longer. After the initial change to RO water the
solution was changed twice by the end of February and the pH of the
solution was still about 9.0. The solution will continue to be changed
until the pH is neutral to be sure the alkaline is thoroughly rinsed
away. As progress continues through March we will keep you posted on
C4 events.
Feature Concretion QAR509.000 a.k.a. Bertha
With
the idea in mind that the Bertha concretion could be recreated on a
computer program to show the layers of artifacts and their relationships
to one another without the concretion was the motivation behind constructing
a planning frame. Archaeologist's record sites and features in the ground
with a planning grid, obtaining XYZ coordinates of an object's location.
This data along with drawings and photographs are used to recreate site
and feature relationships. These same concepts are being applied to
the excavation of the Bertha concretion. A planning frame was built
in January to record where each object is in relation to the other by
obtaining XYZ coordinates on every object removed. The frame is also
used as a means of drawing and photographing the concretion. Once one
layer is removed the next layer is documented and removed and so on.
Bertha usually sits on a portable cart for easy movement.
When working with an 800lb concretion the less one has to move the concretion
the better. The planning frame was built free standing so the cart could
be rolled beneath it. Every time Bertha is placed under the planning
frame it is lined up with two reference points, one on the north end
and the other on the south end. Once the concretion is in the exact
same place in relationship to the planning frame, XYZ coordinates are
obtained on every artifact before they are removed. Line drawings (based
on illustrations by Project Illustrator Robbie Girard) have been used
to record the points at which the XYZ coordinates were taken as well
as the QAR number/artifact relationship on the concretion.
By the end of February forty-nine coordinates of ballast
stones had been obtained and four stones removed from the first layer
of Bertha. The stones were outlined in the concretion with an air scribe
and once their shape was evident or totally obvious they were removed
with a hammer and a chisel. Stay tuned next month to learn about what
was revealed in layer two of the feature concretion.
ECU Thanks
Dr.
Charlie Ewen of ECU's Anthropology Department has moved his Archaeology
Lab into a new facility on campus and donated shelving, tables, cabinets,
lights, chairs, a refrigerator and various other objects from his old
lab to the QAR lab. The shelving is eight foot long, three foot
wide and about ten feet high which is brilliant for the warehouse lab
because most of our floor space is taken up with tanks. Four units have
been put up in the warehouse and have made organizing everything so
much easier. We'd like to thank Dr. Ewen and ECU for the use of all
the items.
Lecturer
Mr. Thomas Rassau, Assistant Professor Dr. Craig Sanders, and Graduate
Teaching Assistant Katie Griffin of ECU's Department of Industrial Technology
were invited to have a look around the lab February 16th. They arrived
bearing gifts, a portable cart they fabricated to move around cannon
and a trough tank for storing artifacts. The three were also invited
to discuss the idea of an apparatus that would make photography of larger
objects, i.e. Bertha, easier. The engineers are working to design a
photo stand to make the task of getting directly over a large object
effortless. Their donations and time are greatly appreciated and we
will have more on the photo stand as things progress.
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to Conservation Reports
On
to March/April 2005...
Queen
Anne's Revenge